
Flying Together: Drosophila as a Tool to Understand the Genetics of Human Alcoholism
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) demands huge toll on individuals, families, and communities. Genetic factors determine up to 60% of the individual’s risk of developing alcohol habits problematic. AUD effective prevention and treatment requires knowledge of the genes that the predisposition to alcoholism, alcohol plays a role in the response, and / or contribute to the development of addiction. As genetic and behavioral highly tractable model organism and translated, Drosophila melanogaster has proved valuable for uncovering important gene and mechanistic pathways that have clear human orthologs and that helps explain the complexities of addiction.
vinegar flies show very strong face and validity of the mechanistic model for AUDs, allowing a lot of progress in efforts to understand human genetic involvement in this disease. This progress occurs through an approach that basically fall into one of two categories: (1) finding candidate genes through an associate research of the human genome (GWAS), transcriptomics tissue post-mortem from patients AUD, or connection physiologically relevant, then use reverse genetics fly to validate the role of candidate genes and investigate their molecular function in the context of alcohol.
Utilize the flies to find candidate genes through unbiased screen, GWAS, quantitative trait loci analysis, transcriptomics, or the study of a single gene, and then validates their translational role in human genetic survey. In this review, we highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model for alcoholism by surveying recent advances in our understanding of human AUDs generated from various approaches. We summarize the genes preserved in alcohol-related functions between humans and flies. We also provide an insight into some of the advantages and limitations of this approach. Overall, this review shows how Drosophila have and can be used to answer important questions about the genetics of alcoholism.

Genetic and environmental determinants of human TCR repertoire diversity
T cell discrimination of self and non-self is the basis of the adaptive immune response, and is regulated by the interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and their cognate ligands presented by major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). However, the impact of host immunogenetic variation on the diversity of the TCR repertoire is still unclear. Here, we analyzed a cohort of 666 individuals with TCR repertoire sequencing.
Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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20-abx109372 | Abbexa |
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Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC) |
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20-abx107303 | Abbexa |
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Rhinovirus A serotype 89 Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP) |
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20-abx108723 | Abbexa |
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Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-MP333180HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Mammalian cell |
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-EP333180HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli |
Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA333180LA01HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA714772LA01HYH | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA18549A0Rb | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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1-CSB-PA362073LA01HQD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome Polyprotein Antibody |
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20-abx109417 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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20-abx300967 | Abbexa |
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Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-RP184674Ba | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C Genome polyprotein expressed in E.coli |
Genome Polyprotein Antibody (Biotin) |
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20-abx105887 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin) |
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20-abx106264 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC) |
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20-abx107678 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP) |
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20-abx109095 | Abbexa |
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Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody |
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A56130 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: Ask the seller for details |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody |
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A56743 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: Ask the seller for details |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody |
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A68253 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: Ask the seller for details |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody |
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A68254 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: reagents widely cited |
Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP) |
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20-abx300968 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC) |
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20-abx300969 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin) |
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20-abx300970 | Abbexa |
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Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA333180LB01HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA333180LC01HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA333180LD01HFD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA714772LB01HYH | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA714772LC01HYH | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA714772LD01HYH | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human enterovirus 71. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA18549B0Rb | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA18549C0Rb | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA18549D0Rb | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Dengue virus. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-EP189574Ba | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Japanese encephalitis virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli |
Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-EP365905YAC1 | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Yellow fever virus Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in E.coli |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, HRP conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA362073LB01HQD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, FITC conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA362073LC01HQD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome polyprotein Antibody, Biotin conjugated |
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1-CSB-PA362073LD01HQD | Cusabio |
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Description: A polyclonal antibody against Genome polyprotein. Recognizes Genome polyprotein from Human rhinovirus A serotype 89. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) Antibody |
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33487-05111 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 261 |
Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody |
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20-abx109758 | Abbexa |
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Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-100ug |
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QP7370-ye-100ug | EnQuireBio | 100ug | EUR 480 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-10ug |
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QP7370-ye-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 236 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-1mg |
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QP7370-ye-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1885 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-200ug |
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QP7370-ye-200ug | EnQuireBio | 200ug | EUR 744 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-500ug |
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QP7370-ye-500ug | EnQuireBio | 500ug | EUR 1206 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His, Yeast-50ug |
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QP7370-ye-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 299 |
Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (FITC) |
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20-abx106801 | Abbexa |
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Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (HRP) |
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20-abx108220 | Abbexa |
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Enterovirus 71 Genome polyprotein Antibody (Biotin) |
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20-abx105382 | Abbexa |
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Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated |
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A56131 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: The best epigenetics products |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated |
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A56132 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: kits suitable for this type of research |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated |
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A56133 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: fast delivery possible |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated |
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A56744 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: The best epigenetics products |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated |
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A56745 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: kits suitable for this type of research |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated |
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A56746 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: fast delivery possible |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated |
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A68250 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: reagents widely cited |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated |
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A68251 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: Ask the seller for details |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated |
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A68252 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: The best epigenetics products |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, HRP Conjugated |
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A68255 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: Ask the seller for details |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, FITC Conjugated |
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A68256 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: The best epigenetics products |
Genome Polyprotein Polyclonal Antibody, Biotin Conjugated |
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A68257 | EpiGentek | 100 µg | EUR 570.55 |
Description: kits suitable for this type of research |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-100ug |
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QP7370-ec-100ug | EnQuireBio | 100ug | EUR 408 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-10ug |
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QP7370-ec-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 200 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-1mg |
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QP7370-ec-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1632 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-200ug |
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QP7370-ec-200ug | EnQuireBio | 200ug | EUR 634 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-500ug |
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QP7370-ec-500ug | EnQuireBio | 500ug | EUR 1060 |
Recombinant Human Genome polyprotein, His-SUMO, E.coli-50ug |
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QP7370-ec-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 263 |
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A3) | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast |
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein |
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1-CSB-YP530838HVQ(A4) | Cusabio |
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Description: Recombinant Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b Genome polyprotein,partial expressed in Yeast |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) Antibody (Biotin Conjugate) |
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33487-05121 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 369 |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (FITC Conjugate) |
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33487-05141 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 428 |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (RPE Conjugate) |
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33487-05151 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 428 |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (APC Conjugate) |
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33487-05161 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 428 |
Genome Polyprotein (HCV-Core) AssayLite Antibody (PerCP Conjugate) |
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33487-05171 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 471 |
Recombinant JEV Genome polyprotein (aa 2528-3432) Protein |
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VAng-Wyb3447-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 8272 |
Description: Japanese encephalitis virus (strain Jaoars982) Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730) |
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VAng-Cr6541-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4793 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730) |
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VAng-Cr6541-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3048 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 286-730) |
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VAng-Cr6541-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 903 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, partial, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101) |
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VAng-Cr6542-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2840 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101) |
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VAng-Cr6542-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2044 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein Protein (aa 1-101) |
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VAng-Cr6542-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1411 |
Description: YFV Genome polyprotein, recombinant protein. |
NATtrol Human Rhinovirus Type 1A Stock(Qualitative) (1 mL) |
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NATHRV-STN | Zeptometrix | 1 mL | EUR 1137.84 |
Description: Please contact Gentaur in order to receive the datasheet of the product. |
Recombinant YFV Genome polyprotein (NS4A) Protein (aa 1-3412) |
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VAng-Cr6545-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Description: YFV (isolate Uganda/A7094A4/1948) Genome polyprotein (NS4A), recombinant protein. |
Rhinovirus VP3 Antibody |
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abx023649-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 940 |
Rhinovirus VP3 Antibody |
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abx023650-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 940 |
Rhinovirus VP3 Antibody |
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abx023688-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 940 |
Human Rhinovirus,Rhv ELISA Kit |
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201-12-2093 | SunredBio | 96 tests | EUR 440 |
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids. |
Human Rhinovirus(Rhv)ELISA Kit |
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QY-E04146 | Qayee Biotechnology | 96T | EUR 361 |
Mouse Rhinovirus ELISA Kit |
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ELA-E1035m | Lifescience Market | 96 Tests | EUR 865 |
Mouse antibody for Rhinovirus VP3 |
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4965 | Virostat | 100 ug | EUR 321.88 |
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Rhinovirus VP3 for WB, ELISA. |
Mouse antibody for Rhinovirus VP3 |
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4966 | Virostat | 100 ug | EUR 321.88 |
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Rhinovirus VP3 for WB, ELISA. |
Mouse antibody for Rhinovirus VP3 |
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4967 | Virostat | 100 ug | EUR 321.88 |
Description: This is purified Mouse monoclonal antibody against Rhinovirus VP3 for WB, ELISA. |
Human rhinovirus(RV)antibody(IgA)ELISA kit |
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CSB-EQ027213HU-24T | Cusabio | 1 plate of 24 wells | EUR 165 |
Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Human rhinovirus (RV)antibody (IgA) in samples from serum. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price. |
Human rhinovirus(RV)antibody(IgA)ELISA kit |
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1-CSB-EQ027213HU | Cusabio |
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Description: Qualitativeindirect ELISA kit for measuring Human rhinovirus(RV)antibody(IgA) in samples from serum. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits. |
Human Rhinovirus antigen(RhV-Ag)ELISA Kit |
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GA-E1969HM-48T | GenAsia Biotech | 48T | EUR 289 |
Human Rhinovirus antigen(RhV-Ag)ELISA Kit |
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GA-E1969HM-96T | GenAsia Biotech | 96T | EUR 466 |
Human Rhinovirus antigen,RhV-Ag ELISA Kit |
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201-12-1953 | SunredBio | 96 tests | EUR 440 |
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids. |
We show that the diversity of the TCR repertoire is positively associated with a polymorphism in the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) locus, and decreases with age and cytomegalovirus infection (CMV). In addition, our analysis suggests that HLA-I polymorphism and age independently form the repertoire in healthy people. Our data describes the main determinants of the diversity of the TCR repertoire of humans, and suggest mechanisms underlying evolutionary fitness advantage of HLA-I